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Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (11 November 1821 – 9 February 1881), sometimes transliterated as Dostoyevsky, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist.

Biography.

Numerous literary critics regard him as one of the greatest novelists in world literature, as many of his works are considered highly influential masterpieces. Dostoevsky’s literary works explore the human condition in the troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia and engage with various philosophical and religious themes. His most acclaimed novels include Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), Demons (1872), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880). His 1864 novella Notes from Underground is considered one of the first works of existentialist literature.

Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoevsky was introduced to literature early through fairy tales, legends, and books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837 when he was 15, and around the same time, he left school to enter the Mykolaiv Military Engineering Institute. After graduating, he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed a lavish lifestyle, translating books to earn extra money. In the mid-1840s, he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk, which gained him entry into Saint Petersburg’s literary circles. However, he was arrested in 1849 for belonging to an academic group, the Petrashevsky Circle, that discussed banned books critical of Tsarist Russia. Dostoevsky was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted at the last moment. He spent four years in a Siberian prison camp and six years of compulsory military service in exile. In the following years, Dostoevsky worked as a journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later A Writer’s Diary, a collection of his writings.

He began to travel around western Europe and developed a gambling addiction, which led to financial hardship. He had to beg for money for a time, but he eventually became one of the most widely read and highly regarded Russian writers. Dostoevsky’s work consists of thirteen novels, three novellas, seventeen short stories, and numerous others. His writings were widely read both within and beyond his native Russia. They influenced several later writers, including Russians such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Anton Chekhov, philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre, and the emergence of Existentialism and Freudianism. His books have been translated into more than 170 languages and served as the inspiration for many films.

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